Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции ответы на тест С

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Text: James is a university student studying law in England. He is particularly interested in understanding the differences between civil and criminal courts, as well as the structure of the legal system, including appeals and tribunals. After attending a guest lecture on the topic, he reflects on the advantages of having a case head in the Crown Court and how appeals work.

Question: Which of the following statements correctly describes an advantage of having a case head in the Crown Court
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Text: Emily is a law student who has just completed a module on the initiation of legal actions in England and Wales. She is particularly interested in understanding the differences between starting a civil action and starting a criminal action. After reviewing her notes, she comes across the following statements regarding the processes involved.

Question: In England and Wales, which document is typically used to initiate a civil action in the High Court or County Court
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Text: Emily is a professional photographer who rents a studio space in a busy downtown area. One day, while she is setting up for a photoshoot, a heavy sign from an adjacent building falls and injures her. The sign was not properly secured, and Emily learns that the building owner had received complaints about it being loose but had not taken any action to fix it. Emily decides to file a lawsuit against the building owner for her injuries.

Question: What legal principle is at play in Emily´s case when she decides to sue the building owner for her injuries
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Text: James owns a small bakery in a residential neighborhood. One day, he decides to install an outdoor seating area for customers. To create the seating area, he places several tables and chairs on the sidewalk directly outside his shop. However, James does not leave enough space for pedestrians to pass comfortably. A neighbor, Sarah, complains that she has to walk into the street to get around the seating area, which is dangerous, especially with heavy traffic. After a few weeks, Sarah trips over one of the chairs that has been pushed out onto the sidewalk and injures her ankle. She decides to take legal action against James.

Question: What legal principle is primarily at play in Sarah´s case when she decides to sue James for her injury
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Tom: John, I just read that there are hundreds of unique systems of law used around the world. It´s crazy to think about all the different ways people interpret and enforce laws.
John: Yeah, it´s fascinating how different societies can have such distinct legal systems. What did you find most interesting
Tom: Well, according to this article, legal systems often evolve at two paces – gradual changes in response to societal attitudes, or rapid shifts due to major events like revolutions or conflicts. Can you imagine a complete overhaul of our legal system overnight
John: It´s definitely hard to wrap my head around. And geographical, historical, and political events can also shape a country´s legal system.
Tom: Right! Like how in Western countries, Civil Law is the most prevalent type of legal system, tracing its origins back to the Roman Justinian code from the 6th century. But then other countries were influenced by the French Revolution and adopted the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law instead.
John: That´s true. I´ve heard that even some African countries have Civil Law systems based on the Belgian influence during colonization.
Tom: Wow, I had no idea. These systems sound so complex.
John: Yes, they do. And all of them involve a national constitution, legislation, subordinate laws, traditi